This is a theoretical "work-in-progress" based on the authoršs personal observations of the impact of modernization on four competing cultures: Han China, Mongolia, Tibet, and Vietnam. Over the past decade, the author traveled to these regions over a dozen times to conduct research, including interviewing. The title summarizes his thinking at this point in time.
A first draft of this paper was presented at the 23rd Annual Third World Conference, March 19-22, 1997, Chicago, Illinois, USA, and printed in the Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Third World Conference.

This paper explores the differences in presentation of American and Chinese news articles and reception of those news articles by American and Chinese audiences. Originally presented at the 1998 annual meeting of the International Studies Association in Minneapolis, Minnesota, it was the result of a set of field experiments with Chinese and American students in the spring and summer of 1996.

This paper explores how the polity--the public, rather than elites--communicate political information in an authoritarian regime. It is based on personal observations, interviews and data collection during two study trips through China in the spring and summer of 1996. The paper was published in two parts in the QS Newsletter, the professional newsletter of the Qualitative Studies Division of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.

This paper begins to document the history of elections after the collapse of the communist regime in Mongolia. These elections are a record of the chaotic nature of the difficult transition to democracy.

This paper explores the struggle to implement democracy in Mongolia since the collapse of Soviet overlordship in 1990. The struggle has been vigorous and chaotic. This paper was originally presented at an annual meeting of the Midwest region of the International Studies Association, meeting in St. Louis, Missouri.

John Wayne as Chinggiss Khan? This biting review was first published by the e-journal Infosystem Mongolie and later in the SPSCVA Newsletter. Infosystem Mongolie as has a review essay by the author on other Western movies that attempt to portray Mongolia and the Mongols.

This paper begins recording the genealogy of Mongolian political parties with the advent of democratization since 1990.

Since Its democratic revolution in 1990, Mongolia has adopted a free and vigorous press, though hampered by shortage of resources and skill, as well as government ownership of key newspapers and broadcast entities. This paper is based on interviews and data-collection during the summers of 1995 and 1996. A version of this paper was published in the International Communication Bulletin, the journal of the International Communication Division of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.

This paper explores the changes in the public order establishment of Mongolia--police, internal security, etc.--as the country struggles with the difficult transition from authoritarian socialism to democratic capitalism. The paper was presented at the Fourth Biennial Conference on International Crime, Justice and Public Order, in Budapest, Hungary, in June 1998. The conference was co-sponsored by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the Hungarian National Police, and the US Federal Bureau of Investigation. It was subsequently published in the Security Journal, a professional journal devoted to issues of public order, security and safety. The paper was the result of interviews and observations conducted in Mongolia in the summers of 1995 and 1996.